Are Vitamins B Important For Our Body’s Organisms?

The answer is Yes. Vitamins B are essential organic nutrients to feed our body’s cells to maintain good health and well-being. The body requires a very small amount of nutrients and most of the vitamins are not made in the body and are mainly obtained through food. When your intake of vitamins is inadequate, vitamin deficiency disorders are the consequence.

The single food you intake does not contain all of the vitamins and therefore, a balanced and varied diet is necessary for an adequate nutrient intake.

You are probably familiar with Vitamin B6 and B12, but did you know there are actually eight Vitamins B?

Vitamin B is a Water-Soluble vitamin that does not stay in the body long and cannot be stored. They leave the body via urine. Because of this, you need a more regular supply of water-soluble vitamins than Fat-Soluble vitamins.

A vitamin that can dissolve in water. Vitamins are nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy and work the way it should. Water-soluble vitamins are carried to the body’s tissues but are not stored in the body. They are found in many plant and animal foods and in dietary supplements and must be taken in daily. Vitamin C and members of the vitamin B complex are water-soluble.

https://www.cancer.gov/

Vitamins are organic compounds that our body needs in small quantities daily. Most vitamins need to come from food because our body cannot produce them or produces very little.

Each organism has different Vitamin requirements. Different vitamins play different roles in the body, and a person requires an additional amount of each vitamin to stay healthy. As we age we have to increase our intake of vitamin mg daily.

What Are Vitamins B?

Vitamins B helps a variety of enzymes do their jobs and are important for a wide range of cellular functions. Ranging from releasing energy from carbohydrates and fat to breaking down amino acids and transporting oxygen and energy-containing nutrients throughout the body.

One of the advances that changed the way we look at vitamins was the discovery that too little daily intake of vitamins is linked to various diseases and health-threatened symptoms.

All Vitamins B are cofactors that work with a cognate enzyme, or chemical precursors of a cofactor. Now, enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions in the body. This action would not normally be energetically favourable occur. Cofactors are required for the functioning of some enzymes.

Why areVitamins B necessary for our body?

• The Vitamins B family has a rather co-dependent relationship as they need each other to perform efficiently
• Converting carbohydrates to glucose
• Support and Increase the rate of Metabolism
• Maintain healthy skin and muscle tone
• Enhance immune and nervous system function
• Promote cell growth and division, including red blood cells that help to prevent anaemia
• RNA and DNA synthesis
• Strengthening the Immune System
• Reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, especially pancreatic cancer
• Helping the digestive system to work properly
• Fighting depression anxiety and stress
• Improving memory

You perhaps are familiar with the Vitamins B Complex?

Vitamins B refers to 8 different types of Vitamins:

What the Numbers Mean:

Many of the terms you see on labels or supplement websites can help you understand how many Vitamins you should take. For example, here are some guidelines set up by the Institute of Medicine:

• RDA – Recommended Dietary Allowance
• AL – Adequate Intake
• UL – Tolerable Upper Intake Level
• DV – Daily Value (Nutrients that you should get for top health from a diet of 2000 calories a day)

What is the History of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Thiamine was the first of the water-soluble vitamins to be isolated. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman, a military doctor in the Dutch East Indies, discovered that high levels of starch in rice were toxic and attributed Beriberi to these findings. He believed that the toxicity was countered by the compound present in the rice polishings.

In 1901, Gerrit Grijns confirmed the connection between the consumption of polished rice and Beriberi. He also concluded that rice contains an essential nutrient in the outer layers of the grain that is removed by polishing.

Eijkman was eventually awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1929, because his observations led to the discovery of vitamins.

In 1910, a Japanese Agricultural chemist, Umetaro Suzuki, isolated the Thiamine compound from rice bran. He also described the compound as not only an anti-beriberi factor but also as being essential to human nutrition.

Various other new finding was omitted in the translation of history. In 1911 a Polish Biochemist Casimir Funk was one of the first to name his discovery, general Vitamins.

Thiamine, also known as Thiamin and Vitamin B1 is an essential micronutrient that cannot be made in the body. Thiamine is found in food and or commercially produced to be a dietary supplement or medication.

Thiamine Deficiency and Disorder

• Beriberi
• Rectarded growth in children
• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
• Optic Neuropathy
• Maple syrup urine disease
• Leigh Syndrome
• Allergic reaction – Anaphylaxis
• African seasonal ataxia
• Central Pontine Myelinolysis
• Malaise
• Weight Loss
• Irritability and Confusion
• Chronic Alcoholism – B1 deficiency
• Older adults with Aids or diabetes – B1 deficiency
• Bariatric Surgery – B1 deficiency
• long-term use of diuretics – B1 deficiency

Severe Deficiency, Beri-Beri Symptoms

I would like to mention a few of the Beri-Beri Symptoms to you and the risk factors when you do not meet your daily nutrients recommended while pregnant or daily food intake. This may result from conditions that affect the baby or your health.

Dietary Recommendations

Thiamine is generally well tolerated and non-toxic when administrated orally. There are rare reports of side effects when thiamine is given intravenously.

The recommendations in this Vitamins chart are based largely on guidelines from the Institute of Medicine.

Recommended amounts of different types of vitamins may be expressed in Milligrams (mg), micrograms (mcg), or international units (IU), depending on the nutrient. (Unless specified, values represent those of adults ages 19 and older)

Other Conditions in Which Thiamin Supplements May Help:

• AIDS
• Cancer Sores
• Cataracts
• Glaucoma and other vision problems
• Cerebellar syndrome, a type of brain damage
• Cervical Cancer
• Diabetic Pain
• Stress
• Heart Disease
• Kidney Disease in Patients with Diabetes Type 2
• Weak Immune System

What Is The History of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Paul Gyorgy, 1893-1976: Was a Biochemist, Nutritionist and Pediatrician. He was a recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1975 from President Gerald Ford

The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the President of the United States to individuals in science and engineering who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of behavioral and social sciences, biology and chemistry.

Vitamin B2, Riboflavin had been discovered in:

• 1922 by Richard Kuhn (1900–1967 in Germany
• Theodor Wagner-Jauregg (1903–1992) in Austria.
• The compound was isolated in 1933 by Kuhn and Paul György (1893–1976) in Germany.
• In the early 20th century, scientists began studying nutritional deficiencies in animals.
• In 1926, the Hungarian researcher György Gábori identified a yellow-green fluorescent pigment in milk and egg whites that had a positive effect on the growth of rats. He named this factor “lactochrome” and later “vitamin G.” This compound was later identified as riboflavin.

By 1932 Gyorgy had found that the heat-stable B2 was not, in fact, a single substance, but actually, a complex made up of two factors: the growth-promoting factor (later found to be riboflavin and the anti-pellagra factor (later found to be niacin (vitamin B3)).

Later, In 1933, Norwegian scientist Richard Kuhn and his colleagues isolated riboflavin from milk. They determined its chemical structure and named it “riboflavin” due to its ribitol component and its yellow colour.

Further research revealed that riboflavin played a crucial role in various cellular processes, particularly in energy production. Riboflavin is a precursor for two coenzymes, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which are involved in numerous metabolic reactions. Riboflavin deficiency can lead to a condition known as “ariboflavinosis,” which manifests as various symptoms, including skin and eye disorders.

The history of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) demonstrates the gradual recognition and understanding of the importance of specific dietary components in maintaining health. It also highlights the collaborative efforts of numerous scientists and researchers over time to identify, isolate, and comprehend the functions of riboflavin.

Riboflavin Deficiency and Disorder

• Skin and mucous membrane disorders: The lips, tongue, and corners of the mouth may become red, swollen, and cracked. The skin may be dry, scaly, or exhibit a rash.
• Eye problems: Sensitivity to light (photophobia), itching, watering, and burning sensation in the eyes can occur. In severe cases, a condition known as corneal vascularization may develop, leading to impaired vision. Cataracts
• Oral health issues: Riboflavin deficiency can result in a sore throat, inflamed and swollen throat, and ulcers in the mouth.
• Fatigue and weakness: Lack of riboflavin can contribute to general fatigue, weakness, and a decreased tolerance for physical activity.
• Digestive problems: Digestive symptoms such as loss of appetite, weight loss, gastrointestinal disturbances like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea may occur, and mucous membranes in the digestive system.
• Neurological abnormalities: In rare cases, riboflavin deficiency can lead to neurological symptoms such as confusion, irritability, and neuropathy.
• Maintaining a healthy liver.
• Converting tryptophan into niacin, an amino acid.
• Hormone production by the adrenal glands.
• Absorbing and activating iron, folic acid, and vitamins B1, B3, and B6
• May help prevent cataracts and migraine headaches, but further studies are needed to confirm this.
• Children with Autism ( Vitamins B2, B6 and Magnesium, reduce abnormal organic acids in the Urine)
• Riboflavin deficiency is also known as ariboflavinosis.

Severe Deficiency, Ariboflavinosis Symptoms

Drugs that may interfere with riboflavin levels in the body include:

• Tricyclic antidepressants, such as imipramine, or Tofranil
• Some antipsychotic drugs, such as chlorpromazine, or Thorazine
• Methotrexate, used for cancer and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis
• Phenytoin, or Dilantin, used to control seizures
• Probenecid, for gout
• Thiazide diuretics, or water pills

Dietary Recommendations

The recommendations in this Vitamins chart are based largely on guidelines from the Institute of Medicine. Recommended amounts of different types of vitamins may be expressed in Milligrams (mg), micrograms (mcg), or international units (IU), depending on the nutrient. (Unless specified, values represent those of adults ages 19 and older)

What Is The History Of Vitamin B3

(Niacin, Niacinamide, Nicotinamide Riboside)

Pellagra was unknown to the physicians of the ancient world and the Middle Ages. It was initially described by the physician Gaspar Casal in Spain in 1735, soon after the maize was introduced into Europe. The name of the disease was established in 1771 by an Italian physician Francesco Frapolli.

Due to the great increase in the use of maize in the northern part of Italy, pellagra became so widespread that a special hospital (known as Legano) was built in 1784, exclusively for pellagra patients. Reports on the occurrence of pellagra appeared soon thereafter in France (1829), Romania (1858) and Egypt (1874).

In the early 18th century, a disease called pellagra emerged in Europe. It was characterized by symptoms such as skin rashes, digestive issues, mental confusion, and eventually death. The exact cause of pellagra was unknown at the time.

Further studies led Kazimierz Funk to realize that there were substances in food essential to good health. He found that diseases such as beriberi, rickets, and scurvy could be cured by introducing into the diet organic compounds that contained certain chemical substances. Funk also maintained that certain diseases could be prevented by making sure the chemical substances were present in the diet. He called the substances “vitamines,” with “vita” meaning vitality and “amines” meaning a chemical compound containing nitrogen. (The “e” was dropped in the 1920s when it was found that amines, or organic compounds derived from ammonia, were not always present.)

In 1912, Funk published his paper called “Vitamines.” His publication earned him public recognition and a Beit Fellowship from the University of London. In 1913, Funk began working at the London Cancer Hospital Research Institute. He published his first book, Die Vitamine, translated in 1922 by Dr H.E. Dubin into English. Later Dubin collaborated with Funk to produce the first cod liver oil vitamin concentrate, called Oscodal.

Funk proposed the hypothesis that other diseases, such as rickets, pellagra, coeliac disease, and scurvy could also be cured by vitamins.

In 1937, Conrad Elvehjem, a biochemist at the University of Wisconsin, identified the substance responsible for preventing pellagra. He isolated a compound from liver extracts, which he named “pellagra-preventive factor” (later known as niacin or Vitamin B3).

Funk postulated the existence of other essential nutrients, which became known as vitamins B1, B2, C, and D. In 1936 he determined the molecular structure of thiamine, though he was not the first to isolate it. Funk also conducted research into hormones, diabetes, peptic ulcers and the biochemistry of cancer. He spends his last years studying the causes of neoplasms cancer.

In the early 20th century, pellagra became an epidemic in the Southern United States. Dr Joseph Goldberger, a U.S. Public Health Service physician, conducted extensive research and discovered a connection between pellagra and diets primarily based on corn.

Dr. Goldberger hypothesized that pellagra was caused by a nutritional deficiency, rather than an infectious agent, as was previously believed. He suspected that the lack of a particular dietary factor was responsible for the disease.

With the discovery of niacin’s role in preventing pellagra, efforts were made to fortify food products to ensure an adequate intake of the vitamin. Niacin was added to enriched flour and other grain products to combat deficiencies.

Niacin is found in two primary forms, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Both forms are converted into coenzymes, which play essential roles in various metabolic processes. Nicotinamide is often used in supplements and has fewer side effects than nicotinic acid.

Today, niacin is recognized as an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in energy production, DNA repair, and cellular signalling. It is found in various foods like meat, fish, poultry, nuts, and whole grains. Niacin deficiency is rare in developed countries but can still occur in certain medical conditions or as a side effect of certain medications.

Niacin Deficiency and Disorder

• Beriberi
• Scurvy
• Pellagra
• Rickets
• Coeliac disease
• Depression
• Headache
• Memory loss
• Hallucinations

Groups at risk for deficiency:

• Limited diets. People whose diets are limited in both variety and quantity of foods, such as those living in poverty or who are very ill and cannot eat a balanced diet, are at increased risk. Developing countries that eat corn or maize as a main food source are at risk for pellagra, as these foods are low in both absorbable niacin and tryptophan
• Chronic alcoholism. The absorption of several nutrients, particularly water-soluble vitamins including the B family, is decreased with excessive alcohol intake
• Carcinoid syndrome. This is a disease of slow-growing cancer cells in the gut that release a chemical called serotonin. The syndrome causes tryptophan in the diet to be converted into serotonin rather than niacin, which increases the risk of decreased niacin

Severe Deficiency and Symptoms:

Rickets:

Rickets is a condition that primarily affects children, characterized by the softening and weakening of bones. It occurs due to a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, which are essential for proper bone development and mineralization. Here are the symptoms associated with rickets:

• Skeletal Deformities: One of the most noticeable signs of rickets is skeletal deformities. These can include bowed legs, where the legs curve outward at the knees, or knock knees, where the knees come together while the ankles are apart. Other deformities may include an enlarged head, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), or a protruding breastbone (pectus carinatum or pigeon chest)
• Delayed Growth and Development: Children with rickets may experience delayed growth and development. They may have a slower growth rate compared to other children of the same age. Delayed tooth eruption and impaired tooth development are also possible
• Muscle Weakness: Rickets can lead to muscle weakness and reduced muscle tone, making it difficult for affected children to crawl, walk, or perform physical activities. They may also exhibit delays in motor skills development
• Bone Pain and Tenderness: Children with rickets may experience bone pain and tenderness. The pain is typically localized in the joints, lower back, pelvis, or legs. The affected areas may be sensitive to touch
• Dental Problems: Rickets can affect the development and structure of teeth, leading to dental problems such as delayed tooth eruption, tooth decay, and fragile teeth
• Increased Susceptibility to Fractures: Due to weakened and softer bones, children with rickets are more prone to fractures. Fractures may occur with minimal trauma or even without apparent injury

Beriberi

Beriberi is a condition caused by a deficiency of thiamine, also known as vitamin B1. Thiamine is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system and energy metabolism. Here are the symptoms associated with beriberi:

• Cardiovascular Symptoms: The cardiovascular symptoms of Beriberi are often seen in the wet form of the disease. They may include an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly), rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), and shortness of breath. Edema, or fluid retention, particularly in the legs, ankles, and feet, is also common
• Neurological Symptoms: Beriberi can affect the nervous system, leading to various neurological symptoms. These may include difficulty walking, muscle weakness and wasting, loss of sensation in the hands and feet, tingling or numbness (paresthesia), and a feeling of pins and needles
• Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Some individuals with Beriberi may experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as poor appetite, indigestion, constipation, and abdominal pain
• Cardiovascular Collapse: In severe cases of Beriberi, particularly in alcoholics, there is a risk of cardiovascular collapse. This condition is known as “wet beriberi” and can result in low blood pressure, shock, and ultimately heart failure
• Cognitive and Emotional Symptoms: Chronic thiamine deficiency can also affect cognitive function and mood. Individuals with Beriberi may experience confusion, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and emotional instability

Pellagra

Pellagra is a nutritional deficiency disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3) in the diet. It can also occur due to a deficiency in tryptophan, an amino acid that the body converts into niacin. Here are the symptoms associated with pellagra:

• Dermatitis: Pellagra often presents with skin-related symptoms. The skin becomes rough, thick, and scaly, particularly in areas exposed to sunlight. The affected skin may be red and inflamed, leading to a condition known as dermatitis. The dermatitis typically occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, neck, hands, and feet
• Diarrhoea: Pellagra can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, including persistent diarrhoea. The diarrhoea may be watery and occur frequently, leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
• Dementia: Neurological symptoms are also common in Pellagra. Advanced cases may exhibit symptoms of dementia, including confusion, memory loss, disorientation, and impaired cognitive function. Psychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and hallucinations may also occur
• Glossitis and Stomatitis: Pellagra can cause inflammation of the tongue (glossitis) and the mucous membranes lining the mouth (stomatitis). These conditions can lead to pain, redness, and swelling of the affected areas, making it difficult to eat and swallow
• Fatigue and Weakness: Individuals with pellagra often experience fatigue, weakness, and a general sense of malaise. They may have reduced energy levels and struggle with everyday activities
• Weight Loss: Chronic diarrhoea and decreased appetite can lead to weight loss in individuals with Pellagra
• If left untreated, pellagra can progress to severe complications, including organ damage, nerve degeneration, and even death

Dietary Recommendations

The recommended dietary intake of niacin, also known as vitamin B3, varies depending on age, sex, and life stage.

Other Conditions In Which Vitamin B3 Supplement May Help:

Vitamin B3, or niacin, is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. While a balanced diet typically provides sufficient niacin for most individuals, there are certain conditions in which a vitamin B3 supplement may be beneficial. Some of these conditions include:

• High Cholesterol: Niacin has been shown to have a lipid-lowering effect, particularly on triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels. It can also help increase HDL cholesterol levels, often referred to as “good” cholesterol. Niacin supplementation may be considered as part of a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals with dyslipidemia or high cholesterol
• Pellagra is a condition caused by niacin deficiency. In cases where dietary modifications alone cannot address the deficiency, niacin supplementation is essential to restore adequate niacin levels and alleviate symptoms
• Niacin deficiency can occur in individuals with certain medical conditions, such as malabsorption disorders or gastrointestinal disorders that affect nutrient absorption. In these cases, vitamin B3 supplementation can help replenish niacin levels and prevent deficiency-related symptoms
• Some medications, such as isoniazid (used for tuberculosis treatment) and certain cholesterol-lowering drugs (e.g., statins), can deplete niacin levels in the body. In such cases, niacin supplementation may be recommended to counteract the potential deficiency
• There is some evidence to suggest that high-dose niacin supplementation may help prevent migraines and reduce their severity. However, further research is needed to establish niacin’s efficacy and safety for migraine prevention

What Is The History Of Vitamin B5

(Pantothenic Acid)

Dr Williams’ research program was notable in that he used yeast as model organisms to study nutritional requirements, on the hypothesis that the underlying cellular biochemistry was generalizable from yeast to animals. He aimed to study vitamins, at the time known as animal nutrients whose chemical properties were not characterized. This approach was successful in leading to the discovery of pantothenic acid, published in 1933, which prompted renewed interest among biochemists in microbial metabolism. Williams and his colleagues in Texas – including Robert Eakin, Beverly Guirard, Esmond Snell, William Shive, and Lester Reed – continued this work and used the technique to discover a number of other vitamins and nutrients.

Pantothenic Acid, also known as vitamin B5 is widely found in both plants and animals.

Pantothenic Acid helps the body utilize carbohydrates, proteins and Lipids. it is also important for maintaining healthy skin.

Pantothenic Acid Deficiency and Disorder

• People with a rare inherited disorder called pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration can’t use pantothenic acid properly. This disorder can lead to symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency.
• Intake of more significant amounts increases the chance of side effects such as diarrhoea.
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Extreme tiredness
• Irritability and restlessness
• Disturbed sleep
• Nausea, vomiting
• Heartburn
• Stomach cramps
• Numbness or burning sensation in hands or feet
• Muscle cramps
• Loss of appetite

Severe Deficiency, Pantothenate Kinase-associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) Symptoms

Severe deficiency of pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is rare in healthy individuals due to its wide availability in various food sources. However, there is a rare neurodegenerative disorder called Pantothenate Kinase-associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) that is associated with mutations in the PANK2 gene, which plays a role in pantothenic acid metabolism. PKAN leads to a deficiency of coenzyme A (CoA), which is derived from pantothenic acid. Here are some symptoms associated with PKAN:

• Movement Disorders: PKAN is characterized by movement disorders that typically appear in childhood. These may include dystonia, which is the involuntary and sustained muscle contractions causing abnormal postures or repetitive movements. Other movement abnormalities like parkinsonism (tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia), chorea (involuntary, jerky movements), and spasticity (increased muscle tone) may also occur
• Cognitive Impairment: PKAN can lead to cognitive impairment, including intellectual disability, learning difficulties, and impaired executive functions. Individuals with PKAN may experience difficulties with memory, attention, problem-solving, and decision-making
• Behavioural and Psychiatric Symptoms: PKAN can be associated with behavioural changes and psychiatric symptoms. These may include emotional instability, aggression, impulsivity, anxiety, depression, and psychotic features
• Eye Abnormalities: Some individuals with PKAN may develop eye abnormalities, such as optic atrophy (damage to the optic nerve) and retinal degeneration. These can lead to visual impairment and vision loss
• Speech and Language Problems: PKAN can affect speech and language development. Individuals may have speech difficulties, including dysarthria (difficulty articulating words), slurred speech, or dysphonia (hoarse or weak voice). Language difficulties, such as expressive and receptive language delays, may also be present
• Dementia: In the later stages of PKAN, individuals may experience progressive cognitive decline, leading to dementia. This includes severe memory loss, confusion, disorientation, and impaired thinking and judgment
• It’s important to note that PKAN is a progressive disorder, and symptoms can vary in severity among individuals

Dietary Recommendations

Pantothenic acid helps the body utilize carbohydrates, proteins, Lipids and for maintaining healthy skin. Vitamin B5 is available as D-pantothenic acid, as well as dexpanthenol and calcium pantothenate, which are chemicals made in the lab from D-pantothenic acid.

Dexpanthenol, a chemical similar to pantothenic acid, is used for skin irritation, nasal swelling, wound healing, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

The recommendations in this Vitamins chart are based largely on guidelines from the Institute of Medicine. Recommended amounts of different types of vitamins may be expressed in Milligrams (mg), micrograms (mcg), or international units (IU), depending on the nutrient. (Unless specified, values represent those of adults ages 19 and older)

Other Conditions In Which Vitamin B Supplements May Help Include:

• High Cholestrol and Triglyceride levels
  The form of pantothenic acid called pantethine is being studied to see if it helps lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL or “bad”) cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. It’s also being studied to see if it raises levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL or “good”) cholesterol. The results of these studies so far are promising, but more research is needed to understand the effects of pantethine dietary supplements taken alone or combined with a heart-healthy diet.

What Is The History Of Vitamin B6

(Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine)

In 1932, scientists discovered that a deficiency of a specific dietary factor caused dermatitis, convulsions, and other symptoms in rats. The substance responsible for preventing these symptoms was later identified as vitamin B6. Around the same time, two separate groups of researchers, Samuel Lepkovsky and Paul Gyorgy, working independently, identified and isolated vitamin B6 from rice bran and yeast, respectively.

Dr Samuel Lepkovsky (1894-1958) was a Russian-born American biochemist. He completed his education at Columbia University and conducted extensive research on nutrition and dietary factors. Dr Lepkovsky worked in many aspects of nutrition, neurophysiology, biochemistry, and neuroanatomy, and was known for his innovativeness and many “firsts.” In the early 1930s, Lepkovsky was one of the scientists who independently discovered a dietary factor that prevented symptoms of dermatitis, convulsions, and other ailments in rats. He identified and isolated this factor from rice bran, which was later recognized as vitamin B6. Lepkovsky’s work played a crucial role in the early understanding and identification of the vitamin.

Archive of California

However, it was Gyorgy who is often credited as the primary founder of vitamin B6. He was a Hungarian biochemist who conducted extensive research on vitamin B6 and its role in various physiological processes. Gyorgy’s work significantly contributed to our understanding of the vitamin and its importance for human health.

In the 1940s, additional research revealed the chemical structure of vitamin B6, which consists of three related compounds: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. These forms can be interconverted within the body and have similar functions.

Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine Deficiency And Disorder

• Controls seizures caused by a condition called Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy (PDE)
• SeborrhoeicDermatitis (skin inflammation)
• Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)
• Cheilosis (cracked corners of the mouth)
• Neurotransmitter imbalances – Depression, confusion
• Microcytic Anaemia (due to impaired Heme Synthesis)
• Neurological Abnormality symptoms like neuropathy, seizures, and cognitive impairments may also occur
• Deficiencies or abnormalities in their metabolism can have broader implications, potentially affecting neurotransmitter synthesis, immune system function, protein metabolism, and more. Such disturbances can contribute to a range of conditions and disorders, including certain types of anaemia, neuropathies, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive impairments, and mental health disorders
• Electroencephalographic Abnormalities
• Weakened Immune Function
• Infants – irritability, abnormally acute hearing, and convulsive seizures

Severe Deficiency, Peripheral Neuropathy Symptoms

Peripheral Neuropathy develops when nerves in the body’s extremities, such as the hands, feet and arms, are damaged. The symptoms depend on which nerves are affected.

It includes different types of nerves with their own specific functions, including:

• sensory nerves – responsible for transmitting sensations, such as pain and touch
• motor nerves – responsible for controlling muscles
• autonomic nerves – responsible for regulating automatic functions of the body, such as blood pressure and bladder function

Dietary Recommendations

It’s important to note that these recommendations are general guidelines and individual needs may vary. Additionally, certain conditions or medications may require higher vitamin B6 intake, and it’s always advisable to consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

The recommended dietary intake of vitamin B6 varies depending on factors such as age, sex, and life stage. The following are the general dietary recommendations for vitamin B6:

Other Conditions In Which Vitamin B6 Supplements May Help Include

Peripheral Neuropathy can sometimes cause other medical problems, such as foot ulcers, heart rhythm changes and blood circulation problems.

Certain B vitamins (folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6) might reduce the risk or severity of cardiovascular disease risk by lowering homocysteine levels.

Research has associated low plasma vitamin B6 concentrations with an increased risk of certain kinds of cancer. For example, a meta-analysis of prospective studies found that people with a vitamin B6 intake in the highest quintile had a 20% lower risk of colorectal cancer than those with an intake in the lowest quintile.

Vitamin B6 can interact with certain medications, and several types of medications might adversely affect vitamin B6 levels. A few examples are provided below. Individuals taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their vitamin B6 status with their healthcare providers.

• Cycloserine (Seromycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis. In combination with pyridoxal phosphate, cycloserine increases the urinary excretion of pyridoxine. The urinary loss of pyridoxine might exacerbate the seizures and neurotoxicity associated with cycloserine. Pyridoxine supplements can help prevent these adverse effects
• Some antiepileptic drugs, including valproic acid (Depakene, Stavzor), carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Epitol, Tegretol, and others), and phenytoin (Dilantin) increase the catabolism rate of vitamin B6 vitamers, resulting in low plasma PLP concentrations and hyperhomocysteinemia. High homocysteine levels in antiepileptic drug users might increase the risk of epileptic seizures and systemic vascular events, including stroke, and reduce the ability to control seizures in patients with epilepsy. Furthermore, patients typically use antiepileptic drugs for years, increasing their risk of chronic vascular toxicity
• Theophylline (Aquaphyllin, Elixophyllin, Theolair, Truxophyllin, and many others) can prevent or treat shortness of breath, wheezing, and other breathing problems caused by asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases. Patients treated with theophylline often have low plasma PLP concentrations, which could contribute to the neurological and central nervous system side effects associated with theophylline, including seizures

What Is The History Of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

In 1901, the German chemist Paul Gyorgy (not to be confused with the earlier mentioned Paul Gyorgy associated with vitamin B6) discovered that a substance in egg white could cure dermatitis in rats. However, it was not until several years later that the substance was identified as biotin.

In the 1920s, researchers Ernst T. Smith and E.L. Potter independently conducted experiments with pigeons and discovered that feeding them raw egg white resulted in dermatitis, hair loss, and neuromuscular abnormalities. They hypothesized that a factor in raw egg white was responsible for these symptoms.

In 1931, the Hungarian biochemist György (“George”) Bálint identified a substance in egg yolk that could counteract the adverse effects of feeding pigeons raw egg white. He named this substance “bios,” which was later renamed biotin. Bálint was the first to isolate biotin and demonstrate its effectiveness in preventing the symptoms associated with its deficiency.

In subsequent years, further research was conducted on biotin, including its chemical structure and biological functions. In 1942, the American biochemist Paul Gyorgy (the same name but a different individual from the one associated with vitamin B6) confirmed the identity and structure of biotin. He also discovered that bacteria in the intestines of animals produced biotin, contributing to the body’s overall biotin supply.

While György Bálint was the one who isolated and named biotin, it is important to note that the discovery and understanding of biotin involved the contributions of multiple researchers over several decades. Biotin was recognized as a distinct member of the B-vitamin complex and was later assigned the designation “vitamin B7.”

Today, biotin is known to play a vital role in various metabolic processes, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is found in a wide range of foods such as eggs, nuts, seeds, legumes, meat, fish, and certain vegetables. Biotin supplements are also available and are sometimes used to support hair, skin, and nail health, although further research is needed to fully establish its efficacy in these areas.

Biotin is stable at room temperature and is not destroyed by cooking.

Biotin Deficiency And Disorder

• Biotin deficiency can occur due to inadequate dietary intake, prolonged consumption of raw egg whites (which contain a protein called avidin that binds to biotin and prevents its absorption), prolonged use of certain medications (such as anticonvulsant drugs), intestinal malabsorption disorders, and inborn errors of metabolism
• Biotin deficiency can cause symptoms such as dermatitis (skin inflammation), alopecia (hair loss), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva), lethargy, depression, hallucinations, numbness and tingling in the extremities, muscle pain, and impaired immune function.
• Biotinidase deficiency is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the inability to recycle biotin properly. This results in reduced levels of biotin in the body, leading to biotin deficiency symptoms
• Symptoms: Biotinidase deficiency can manifest as neurological abnormalities, seizures, developmental delays, hearing and vision problems, skin rash, hair loss, and immune system dysfunction
• Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency is another rare genetic disorder that impairs the activation of biotin within the body. It results in an inability to utilize biotin properly, leading to symptoms of biotin deficiency
• Symptoms: The symptoms of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency are similar to biotin deficiency and can include metabolic acidosis, seizures, developmental delays, skin abnormalities, breathing difficulties, and organ dysfunction.
• Dermatitis
• Conjunctivitis
• Alopecia
• Central Nervous System Abnormalities (depression, lethargy)
• Shelties – Cracking in the corners of the mouth
• Biotinidase Deficiency
• Alcohol Dependence – A chronic disease (it lasts a person’s lifetime) in which a person is unable to stop drinking once he or she has begun, needs to drink larger amounts of alcohol to get high, and suffers withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety) after stopping drinking. The risk of developing alcohol dependence is influenced by a person’s genes and lifestyle. Also called alcoholism

Severe Deficiency, Biotinidase Deficiency Symptoms

Biotinidase Deficiency:

The body needs biotin to help break down food into energy. Symptoms of this condition typically appear in infancy or childhood. Kids with mild biotinidase deficiency may have weak muscles, skin rashes, and hair loss. Severe biotinidase deficiency can cause seizures, breathing problems, hearing and vision loss, problems with movement and balance, and an infection called candidiasis. Affected children also grow and develop more slowly. Biotinidase deficiency can be treated by a healthcare provider with high doses of biotin.

Dietary Recommendations

Other Conditions In Which Vitamin B7 Supplements May Help Included:

While biotin supplements are not typically used to treat specific medical conditions, they may be beneficial in certain situations. Here are a few conditions or circumstances where biotin supplements may have a potential role:

• Biotinidase Deficiency: Individuals with biotinidase deficiency, a rare genetic disorder that impairs biotin recycling in the body, require lifelong biotin supplementation. This helps prevent and manage symptoms associated with biotin deficiency in these individuals.

• Pregnancy and Lactation: During pregnancy and lactation, women may have increased biotin requirements. Adequate biotin intake is essential for normal fetal development and the production of breast milk. Consultation with a healthcare professional is advisable to determine the appropriate biotin supplementation, if necessary, during this period.

• Hair, Skin, and Nails: Biotin is often marketed and used in cosmetic and hair products due to its potential role in maintaining healthy hair, skin, and nails. Some individuals may opt for biotin supplements to support these aspects of their appearance, although scientific evidence supporting its efficacy is limited.

It’s important to note that for most individuals with a balanced diet, biotin deficiency is rare, and obtaining biotin from natural food sources is generally sufficient to meet daily requirements. Additionally, excessive intake of biotin supplements is not recommended, as high doses can interfere with certain lab test results, leading to inaccurate diagnoses.

As with any dietary supplement, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before starting biotin supplementation. They can assess your individual needs, consider any underlying conditions, and provide guidance on appropriate dosage and potential interactions with other medications or treatments.

What Is The History Of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid or Folate)

In 1931, Lucy Wills, a British medical researcher, conducted experiments on pregnant women in Bombay (now Mumbai), India. She discovered that a factor in yeast extract prevented and treated anaemia in pregnant women. This factor was later identified as folic acid.

In the 1940s, scientist Yellapragada Subbarow isolated a compound from spinach leaves and named it folate. Folate refers to the various forms of vitamin B9 found in foods.

In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers discovered that folic acid supplementation in pregnant women could significantly reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in babies. This landmark finding led to the fortification of grain products with folic acid in several countries, including the United States, starting in the late 1990s.

Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate that is commonly used in dietary supplements and fortified foods. It is more stable and has better bioavailability compared to natural folates found in food sources. Synthetic folic acid is converted to its active form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), in the body.

Folic Acid Deficiency And Disorder

• Malabsorption Disorders, impair absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or certain medications
• Excessive alcohol consumption can interfere with folate absorption and increase folate excretion
• Pregnancy, lactation, certain medical conditions, and certain medications (e.g., methotrexate) may increase the body’s demand for folate
• Genetic Disorders: Rare genetic disorders, such as hereditary folate malabsorption or methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency, can impair folate metabolism
• Megaloblastic Anemia – fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and rapid heart rate
• Neurological Symptoms – Severe folate deficiency can affect the nervous system and lead to symptoms such as cognitive impairment, depression, irritability, forgetfulness, and peripheral neuropathy (tingling, numbness, or pain in the extremities)
• Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), diarrhoea, weight loss, and poor immune function
• Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Certain Cancers
• Anti-Folate Chemotherapy – Folate is important for cells and tissues that divide rapidly. Cancer cells divide rapidly and drugs that interfere with folate metabolism are used to treat cancer.
• Malaria ( Iron-Folic)

Severe Deficiency, Neural Tube Defects (NTD’s) Symptoms

NTDs occur when the neural tube does not close properly. The neural tube forms the early brain and spine. These types of birth defects develop very early during pregnancy, often before a woman knows she is pregnant. The two most common NTDs are spina bifida (a spinal cord defect) and anencephaly (a brain defect).

Dietary Recommendations

Folic Acid is converted into Folate by the body.

The risk of toxicity from folic acid is low because folate is a water-soluble vitamin and is regularly removed from the body through urine.

Treatment of vitamin B9 deficiency typically involves increasing folate intake through dietary changes and, if necessary, supplementation with folic acid or methyl folate (the active form of folate). Underlying causes, such as malabsorption disorders, may need to be addressed. It’s important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

It’s important to note that these recommendations are general guidelines, and individual needs may vary based on factors such as pregnancy, lactation, certain health conditions, and medications.

Other Conditions In Which Vitamin B9 Supplements May Help include:

A number of drugs interfere with the biosynthesis of THF from folic acid.

Valproic Acid, is one of the most commonly prescribed epilepsy treatment drugs. Also used to treat certain Psychological conditions such as bipolar disorder, is a known inhibitor of Folic Acid. This has been shown to cause birth defects including neural tube defects. Plus, increased risk for children having a cognitive impairment and autism.

What Is the History Of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins)

Discovery of Pernicious Anemia: In the late 19th century, physicians observed a condition known as pernicious anaemia, characterized by a progressive and often fatal form of anaemia. Researchers noted that patients with this condition had a deficiency of a substance that was vital for red blood cell production.

Pernicious Anemia Factor: In the 1920s, George Whipple, George Minot, and William Murphy conducted pioneering work on the treatment of pernicious anaemia. They observed that feeding patients with raw liver led to significant improvement in their condition. This led to the hypothesis that the liver contained a substance that could cure pernicious anaemia.

Isolation of Vitamin B12: In the 1940s, researchers Mary Shaw Shorb and Karl Folkers, along with others, successfully isolated the active ingredient from the liver that was responsible for treating pernicious anaemia. They named it vitamin B12.

Chemical Structure Determination: In the 1950s, chemists Dorothy Hodgkin and Robert Woodward played a crucial role in determining the chemical structure of vitamin B12 through X-ray crystallography. Also George Whipple, George Minot and William Murphy (1934), and Alexander R Todd in 1957. Their work earned Hodgkin the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.

Role in DNA Synthesis: In the subsequent years, scientists discovered that vitamin B12 played a vital role in DNA synthesis and red blood cell production. It is an essential coenzyme involved in the conversion of methyl malonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and the conversion of homocysteine to methionine.

Vitamin B12 is bound to protein in food and must be released before it is absorbed. The process starts in the mouth when food is mixed with saliva. The freed vitamin B12 then binds with haptocorrin, a cobalamin-binding protein in the saliva. More vitamin B12 is released from its food matrix by the activity of hydrochloric acid and gastric protease in the stomach, where it then binds to haptocorrin. In the duodenum, digestive enzymes free the vitamin B12 from haptocorrin, and this freed vitamin B12 combines with intrinsic factor, a transport and delivery binding protein secreted by the stomach’s parietal cells. The resulting complex is absorbed in the distal ileum by receptor-mediated endocytosis. If vitamin B12 is added to fortified foods and dietary supplements, it is already in free form and therefore does not require the separation step.

Understanding the importance of vitamin B12 and its role in various physiological processes has led to the development of diagnostic tests, treatments, and preventive measures for deficiency-related conditions. Today, vitamin B12 is recognized as an essential nutrient, and maintaining adequate levels is crucial for overall health and well-being.

Cobalamins Deficiency And Disorder

• Pernicious Anaemia – fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, and tingling or numbness in the extremities
• Psychological problems, which can range from mild depression or anxiety to confusion and dementia
• Atrophic Gastritis
• Gastrointestinal Surgery or Disorders like Crohn’s Disease
• Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage in the peripheral nervous system, resulting in symptoms such as tingling, numbness, or pain in the extremities
• Subacute Combined Degeneration: A degenerative condition affecting the spinal cord, resulting in problems with coordination, balance, and sensory perception
• Cognitive Impairment: Cobalamin deficiency may contribute to cognitive decline, memory problems, and impaired thinking
• Cobalamin deficiency has been associated with other health problems, although more research is needed to establish a direct causal relationship. These include an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and adverse effects on bone health
• Headaches
• Problems with your vision
• Feel extremely tired, lack energy
• Diarrhoea
• Sore and reg tongue

Severe Deficiency, Myelination, Pernicious Anaemia Symptoms

Myelination allows more rapid transmission of neural information along neural fibers and is particularly critical in a cerebral nervous system dependent on several long axon connections between hemispheres, lobes, and cortical and subcortical structures.

Pernicious Anaemia – where your immune system attacks healthy cells in your stomach, preventing your body absorbing vitamin B12 from the food you eat; this is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/

Vitamin B12 is required for the development, myelination, and function of the central nervous system. Also Healthy red blood cell formation, and DNA synthesis. Vitamin B12 functions as a cofactor for two enzymes, methionine synthase and L-methyl malonyl-CoA mutase. Methionine synthase catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine to the essential amino acid methionine. Methionine is required for the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, a universal methyl donor for almost 100 different substrates, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. L-methyl malonyl-CoA mutase converts L-methyl malonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the metabolism of propionate, a short-chain fatty acid.

The term “pernicious anaemia” is an anachronism—it dates from the era when treatment had not yet been discovered, and the disease was fatal—but it remains in use to refer to an autoimmune disorder that affects the gastric mucosa’s production of intrinsic factor (IF)  leading to cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia. Impaired IF production in pernicious anaemia occurs as a result of the autoimmune destruction of parietal cells, which secrete IF, or the development of auto-antibodies targeted against IF itself. ^[1]  Other conditions that can result in impaired IF production includes gastrectomy and a rare congenital autosomal recessive disorder that manifests with IF deficiency without gastric atrophy.

Dietary Recommendations

Intake recommendations for vitamin B12 and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and sex, include:

Other Conditions In Which Vitamin B12 Supplements May Help Include:

Vitamin B12 has the potential to interact with certain medications. In addition, several types of medications might adversely affect vitamin B12 levels.

Gastric acid inhibitors include proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (Prevacid), and histamine 2-receptor antagonists, such as cimetidine (Tagamet) and ranitidine (Zantac). These drugs are used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease. They can interfere with vitamin B12 absorption from food by slowing the release of gastric acid into the stomach and thereby leading to vitamin B12 deficiency.

Metformin, an antihyperglycemic agent used as first-line treatment for prediabetes and diabetes, might reduce the absorption of vitamin B12 and significantly reduce serum vitamin B12 concentrations.

The Dietary Healthy Guidelines For Vitamins B

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

The RDA for women is 1.1 mg and for men 1.2 mg

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

The RDA for women is 1.1 mg and for men 1.3 mg

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

The RDA for women is 14 mg and for men 16 mg

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

The RDA for women is 5 mg and for men 5 mg

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

The RDA for women is 1.5 mg and for men 1.3 mg

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

The RDA for vitamin B7 is 30 micrograms (mcg) for women and men. According to the Linus Pauling Institute (LPI), the biotin content of foods is difficult to measure accurately. The following small table of foods is from the LPI as there is no data in the USDA National Nutrient Database cited above.

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid or Folate)

The RDA for women is 400 mcg and for men 400 mcg

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

The RDA for women is 2.4 mcg and for men 2.4 mcg